The Theory Of Classical Conditioning - 929 Words

Discussion 5 1. Define: Classical Conditioning is learning theory based on the assumption that the learning process occurs due to associations between an environmental stimulus and a natural occurring stimulus, as indicated in our textbook. This learning theory was developed by John Watson. He proposed that this theory is able to explain human behavior. Watson also assumed that our environment shapes our personality as a whole. His ideas were influenced by the findings of Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist. He is well-known as the Father of behaviorism, due to the fact, that his theories and experiments greatly influenced this school of psychology. One of his famous quotes suggested that one can take any human being, regardless their race, academic background, or culture and train him to be anything one can chose. Operant Conditioning was developed by the behaviorist B.F. Skinner, who was convinced that any action followed by reinforcement becomes a learning experience and will occur again and again. Some people called it Instrumental Conditioning, because is a learning approach that uses rewards and punishment to reach its goals. According to this learning theory, the consequences of our actions are the ones that weaken or reinforce new occurrences. Therefore, the operant conditioning implies that an association is made between a behavior and the consequence that follows that behavior. Observational Learning was coined by Albert Bandura. It is a learning theory isShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1129 Words   |  5 PagesIn this assignment I will be looking at the Behaviourist perspective with Ivan Pavlov’s (1902) theory about classical conditioning. I will be discussing how I have used human development and learning perspectives in my placement to support young people in their personal and social development with providing a case study about them. I will be writing about how the theory demonstrates effective youth and community work practice including the five pillars of youth work. Behaviourists look at behaviourRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1360 Words   |  6 PagesIs it possible to rouse fear from a stimulus that at first caused no such response? Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a response is produced from combining a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce an unconditioned response. Ivan Pavlov did a famous study, pairing the sound of a bell with food to produce salivation. After a while, just the sound alone would produce salivation. â€Å"Little Albert†, an infant that belonged to a wet nurse at the Harriet Lane HomeRead MoreTheory of Classical Conditioning1051 Words   |  4 PagesClassical Conditioning Introduction In psychology, there are number of theories and ideas which are used to influence the way someone reacts to particular events. In the case of classical conditioning, these ideas have been utilized to create short and long term transformations about how someone sees and reacts to the world around them. To fully understand how this is taking place requires examining these techniques and the way they are influencing behavior. This will be accomplished by studyingRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1202 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay the ways in which classical conditioning principals have been used to treat problem behaviours in humans will be discussed. Firstly the findings of Ivan Pavlov’s research experiment on classical conditioning will be explained. Then a number of his basic principals that include extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalisation and acquisition will be explored. Finally, the use of behavioural therapy in treating problem behaviours, specifically in relation to systematic desensitisationRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1070 Words   |  5 Pages(1929) and Watson and Rayner (1920) contributed to the theory of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning argues behaviour is learned through the continued pairing of a stimulus that creates a response. This can be a fear response as identified by Watson and Rayner (1920) where a healthy eleven-month-old boy was conditioned to feel fear when he saw a fluffy white toy. This fear extended to any fluffy white object. Operant conditioning theory was developed through the findings of Skinner (1938)Read MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1222 Words   |  5 Pagesexperienced. Although Harlow has found this theory, Ivan Pavlov experimented with dogs and discovered classical conditioning. Classical conditioning can show how attitudes are formed and changed, how and when attitudes influence behavior, and how we change attitudes and behavior. Classical conditioning is basically learning through association, which induces involuntary or automatic responses to certain stimuli. A famous example is Pavlov’s dogs, before conditioning the dogs would salivate (UCR) when meatRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning994 Words   |  4 Pagestransfer persist, although with a certain loss in the intensity of the reaction, for a longer period than one month.† The data reported in this paper definitely supports this conclusion. The purpose of this experiment was to test the theory of classical conditioning as well as transfer (stimulus generalization); and to see if they would be able to successfully condition an emotional response of fear. When this experiment began, Little Albert was 11 months and 3 days old. Watson and Rayner exposedRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning Theory Essay712 Words   |  3 Pagesattachment theory is a psychological, an ethological and an evolutionary theory that is concerned with relationships between humans, specifically between mother and infant. An infant has to develop a relationship with at least one of their primary caregivers for them to develop socially and emotionally. This essay will look at evaluating the theories of Ivan Pavlov, John B Watson, Edward Thorndike, BF Skinner, John Bowlby (1958), and Mary Anisworth (1979) Two important learning theories of behavioristRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1824 Words   |  8 PagesClassical conditioning The first theory of learning is called classical conditioning and was developed by Ivan Pavlov a Russian physiologist. He started working with dogs to investigate their digestive system, they were ties to a harness and Pavlov added monitors to their stomachs and mouths to measure the rate of saliva produced. He found out that when a lab assistant came in to give the dog food before the dog tasting the food it started to produce saliva, saliva is a reflex response and PavlovRead MoreBehaviorism Theory Of Classical Conditioning1700 Words   |  7 Pages Behaviorism is a theory that behavior can be altered through conditioning. Behaviorism does not focus on thoughts or feelings of the subject, just their behavior. Ivan Pavlov was a major part of this movement of behaviorism with his theory of classical conditioning. The most important part of classical conditioning is that it is done through repetition. In his experiment he began with noticing that an unconditioned stimulus like dog fo od causes an unconditioned response like salivation. He then

The Orphan Train By Christina Baker Kline - 1890 Words

Edmond Loga EN-102 Prof. Red-Waldeyer May 7th, 2015 â€Å"Orphan Train† â€Å"Orphan Train† is a gripping story of second chance and companionships from author Christina Baker Kline. A life of loneliness and hardships bring a distressed seventeen year old girl, Molly Ayer, looking for acceptance in the world she can’t seem to escape and a ninety-one year old woman, Vivian. With a secret past that they have both yet to discover, they have more in common than just organizing the attic. Molly is on probation for stealing a book from the public library. Her foster parents is starting to have enough of her attitude. Molly’s friend, and only friend, Jack plans to put her in for community service so she won’t be sent to a juvenile facility. This woman, Vivian, has a huge house on the bay that has an attic full of junk, collectables, and boxes from her past. Vivian believes Molly is there for a school project, but she is really there so she will not be sent away. It’s 1926 and Vivian and her family ca me to New York from Ireland with nothing but their clothing they have on. After a couple years had pasted everything was going smoothly, but not comfortably, just enough to barely get through. Then when it seems that I can’t get any worse. Vivian lost her parents, baby sister, and brothers to a horrific fire. Vivian, who is eight at the time, left alone and freighted not knowing what to except next. She was sent to an orphanage. Vivian has red hair and freckles, she is undesirable to manyShow MoreRelatedOrphan Train By Christina Baker Kline1301 Words   |  6 PagesFerratt 1 Cole Ferratt Mrs. Montgomery Honors Humanities: period 2 5 September 2017 Orphan Train Essay Rough Draft Christina Baker Kline’s novel Orphan Train follows the the paths of two very similar women who are separated only by age. One of the main characters, Molly Ayer, is a seventeen-year-old high school student who has been assigned to yet another unwanted foster home. After attempting to steal a book from the local library, Molly has to help an elderly woman clean out her attic to avoidRead MoreOrphan Train : A Historical Fiction Novel Written By Christina Baker Kline1120 Words   |  5 Pages Orphan Train, a historical fiction novel written by Christina Baker Kline, focuses on the lives of two very different people that have very similar backgrounds. Along with writing and editing many novels, Kline has taught multiple literature-based classes, such as poetry and non-fiction writing. Out of all of her fiction pieces, Orphan Train is the first of which that is based off of historic events and the real stories her mother-in-laws’ father told. Kline is very active in organ izations thatRead MoreRelationship Between Vivian And Molly1125 Words   |  5 Pagesto be made clear. By the time all is uncovered, the likenesses shared between Vivian and Molly far outweigh any disparities. In examining the relationship between Vivian and Molly, a perfect balance is struck in Orphan Train by Christina Baker Kline. In Orphan Train, Christina Baker Kline weaves a strong friendship between two characters, Vivian and Molly, despite a lengthy list of differences. The most blatant contrast, and the root cause of many other differences, is age and the separate eras bothRead MoreSummary Of Molly Ayer 1010 Words   |  5 PagesMolly soon learns how closely related her and Vivian’s lives are related. Vivian and her family came from Ireland to New York in 1926 in hopes for a better future, but after a fire kills Vivian’s family she is put on an Orphan Train to Minnesota in order to find a new family. The train has 19 other children hoping for brighter futures, including a boy named Dutchy who Vivian strikes up a friendship with. Vivian is soon adopted by the Byrnes who call her Dorothy. Once the Great Depression struck though

Will Biofuels Solve Global Warming Free Essays

Will Biofuels solve global warming? Global warming is caused by greenhouse gasses; these trap heat in the earth’s atmosphere that should escape from the earth. Global warming is causing sea levels to rise and ice caps to melt this could lead to coastal cities flooding, droughts in area’s which usually get rain and less crops to list only a few affects. The cause of global warming is â€Å"greenhouse gasses† these gasses include nitrous oxide carbon dioxide and water vapour. We will write a custom essay sample on Will Biofuels Solve Global Warming or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cars produce CO2, H20 and trace amounts of nitrogen oxide all greenhouse gases, with the amount of cars on the road surpassing the 1 billion mark in 2010 according to Ward’s Auto with the average car realising 7 tons of CO2 each year it is easy to see why cars are one of the biggest contributors to global warming, producing energy for factories to work also produces harmful gases one solution to this problem is Biofuels. Biofuels is the term given to living or recently living biological material which can be used to fuel cars and other forms of transport they can be derived from any Biomass include animal waste products. Also read: What Unique Challenges Do Aquatic Plants Face That Terrestrial Plants Do Not One of the main advantages of Biofuels is that they are almost carbon neutral; when a crop is growing it performs photosynthesis to create sugars and other organic compounds that provide energy during this process plants take in CO2 when these crops are turned into Biofuels and burned this CO2 is realised back into the atmosphere as no more CO2 has been added it is carbon neutral however some CO2 is produced in transporting these crops and turning them into Biofuels so they are not completely carbon neutral. Unlike fossil fuels such as petrol Biofuels are a renewable energy source this means they will not run out as crops can be grown back relatively quickly. Biofuels can be created anywhere in the world meaning it is accessible to many people. Biofuels are also cheaper to run than petrol or diesel with the price of petrol rising due to it depleting amount Biofuels are cheaper to attain. Other benefit of Biofuels is that they provide jobs and industry for many farmers all over the world. One popular type of Biofuel is Biodiesel which has many advantages * Simpler to make than other Biofuels such as Ethanol * Burn up to 75% cleaner * Provide new source of income for farmers However Biofuels also have their disadvantages one of the main problems is the land needed to produce the crops. In the UK in 2010 71. 61 % of the UK land was used in agriculture this left around 28. 39 % of land for other uses, coming of the lack of land environmentalist worry that the habitat of any animals and wild plants creating the room to grow Biofuels. At this moment in time Biofuels are not sustainable without affecting the price of food and production. Though Biofuels will give farmers more income however it will give farmer more income than growing crops does this leads to the danger of farmers stopping the growing of crops to grow Biofuels this could lead to less food production and ultimately starvation. Biodiesel also has disadvantages *   sustainability issues * Making biodiesel is not very efficient Biodiesel cannot meet the demand of diesel. Biofuels are not the only alternative fuels Hydrogen fuel cells could also be used in cars to power them they are cleaner than most fuels. Electrical cars are also become increasingly popular however unless the electricity is produced using Biofuels they can still be damaging on the environment. There is no definitive answer to â€Å"Will Biofuels solve global warming† as the issue we are in is far too complex for just one solution, Biofuels along with other renewable energy sources e. g. wind turbines and hydroelectric power would provide a more viable solution to global warming. How to cite Will Biofuels Solve Global Warming, Essay examples

Systems Can Be Improve Banking Processes †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Systems Can Be Improve Banking Processes? Answer: Introduction Information systems can be utilized to gain competitive advantage at the industry level by engaging with other companies to make standards for sharing business transactions electronically or sharing of information which will market actors to implement same standards. I identified Standard chartered bank as my case study and realized that the company uses a value chain structure in determining areas where information systems can be used to improve banking processes. IS Strategy and IT Management Structures The data needed to support business approach and the establishment of data systems appropriate to supplying such information requires to be planned and implemented with each other. This positioning of business approach with information system yields information systems strategy. It is a constant process that enhance the information system support design to progressively remain significant for any business strategic aims and objectives. (Deutch Milo, 2012). Standard chartered bank has a cogent approach for information system, that deliver information that is of high strategic value. All the systems and technology in the organization are conformed to a larger strategic vision therefore enhancing performance in a synchronized manner. Compatibility is the rule rather than the exclusion. As such business objectives and goals are largely impacted by such information system strategies. Opportunities are grasped. The bank possesses an information system that has a calculated focus. It is closely lined up with business approach and is driven by business requirements rather than technological prospects. It is joined with the organizational approach to hand over information that assist the management to outrival competition and thereby using information system as a device for competitive benefits. Information system therefore, delivers anticipated awareness into business issues.(Draheim, 2010). Nature of the Business Standard chartered bank is a system that offers cash management assistance for clients, recording the execution of their accounts and portfolios of the day, exchange goods and services with financial and bank's financial equipment, provide change of currency and distribute distinct type of capital. It provides various expertness and opportunities to their clients. It offers security of money and commodities and offer credit, loans, and payment aid, like inquiring on money orders, accounts, and cashier's checks. It also provides insurance and investment goods. The following are some of the activities that standard chartered bank undertakes; Receiving deposits and granting loans as financial equipment apart from receiving deposits and giving loans, the bank offers transaction accounts. Accounts are normally opened for small and medium customers, the retail clients, and for the enterprise clients. Funds deposited by the deponents in the bank is used for distribution and generation of financial instruments and other loan. This institution offers and possess liquidity supportable flow for financial and non-financial organizations. The banks are dealing with humans- the major participants in the standard chartered bank include: non-financial organizations, retail divisions, other banks, small and medium firms, conglomerate companies, big companies, insurance firms, multinational companies, security, international companies, among others. The upholder of each mentioned organization is a person. Human beings are the connection to all financial projects. Different types of clients, manners and behaviors- the bank handles different customer behavior, personality, cultures and manners. This is because clients possess different tastes, opportunities, social traits, financial might, egos, among others. As such the bank differentiate its client and position them accordance to the requirements and interest. The bank therefore provides its goods and services in accordance to the position given. (Weske, 2007). Different culture and religion- Clients view their world based on their cultural belief. Believes, culture, values and religion aim act as highway to particular behavior direction and culture. As such the bank grants freedom to its client for the choice of the preferred good and services that will meet their needs. Unlimited wants with limited resources by its customer- resources become scarce due to individuals ability and competence to make money and have enough for the particular limitation. Inadequacy guide client on use of funds wisely to meet their needs and forego their wants. Generation of profit through client operations and provision of different services- standard chartered bank act as intermediaryin receivingdepositsand channeling those deposits into lending operations, either through loans or capital markets. It links clients with capital shortage with those with surplus capital. It acts as disbursement agents by analyzing present accountsfor clients, handing overcheckswithdrawn by clients on the bank, and gathering checks lend to clients' present accounts. It also enhances client payments through other payment ways like the automated clearing house,EFTPOS,telegraphic transfer, andautomated teller machine. The bank take money for temporary use through issuance of debt securities like bonds, acceptance of deposited funds on present accounts, term deposit. However, it lends money through production of advances to clients on present accounts, and installment. Some of the channel the bank uses for allocation are: internet banking, Automated Teller Machin es, offices, video banking, call center, telephone banking, mail, relationship managers, mobile banking, agents, sales forces, among others. (Brotby, 2008). Governance Structure The Board of Directors It is composed of the chairman, four executive directors, and ten independent non-executive directors whose role is to see the flourishment of the company. Shareholder has to conduct and election to appoint their directors. Their roles and responsibilities include; Its the mandate of the board to review and determine the strategy of the company, overseeing the compliance of the Group with regulatory and statutory commitment, handling of concerns pertaining to the Companys capital, manages companys operational areas and structures, makes sure that internal control system is running smoothly, and conducts appointments to the b Independent Non-Executive Directors They are selected for a term of three years. They are normally appointed because of their vast experience, have unique individual qualities and appropriate caliber. Furthermore, they may have some expert knowledge that will aid the management board with valuable inputs. Their Roles include: Monitoring performance banks performance, determining executive directors level of Remuneration, help n marketing the bank services and connecting it to potentially useful companies, and to make sure that banks capital is a true and fair reflection of its performance. (Laan, 2013). Board Committees Constitutes of four committees with defined delegated duties. They include: Remuneration Committee, Nomination Committee, the Sustainability and Responsibility Committee and the Audit and Risk Committee. These committees take independent expert opinions and advices where necessary at the banks expense. Details of these committees and their members are given below. Audit and Risk Committee This committee is made up of independent non-executive directors. Each member is considered to poses vast experience and knowledge of financial reporting to the deliberations of the committee. The Committees responsibilities with regards to internal audit functions include: assessing and monitoring efficiency of the internal audit functions, considering the selection, termination or discharge of the Internal Audit head, making and considering suggestions and recommendations to the Board on the selection, re-selection, discharge of the external auditor; applauding the terms of contract, scope and nature of the audit; Board Nomination Committee The responsibilities of this committee include: in case Board vacancies come up, the assess the knowledge, skill and experience needed to fill the position available, maintaining directors and other senior executive succession plans under review to make sure the firm go on to compete in the market place effectively and coming up with substantial suggestions to the Board. Board Remuneration Committee This committee decides the salary and favors of the banks chairperson, chief executive officer and other directors. It also reassesses and accept the remuneration of other specific senior management employees. Sustainability and Responsibility Committee This Committee acknowledges issues to do with how Standard Chartered can build a feasible business through deliberation of economic development, social investment, environmental protection, and other sustainability factors responsible for the firms long-term shareholder value. The Committee's roles include: making sure that the banks business activities are in order, reciprocating to external arising issues in regulation, stakeholder guidance, reporting and legislation. Assessing new banks policies to make sure that adjustments are in order with sustainability conventions and echo emerging trends and advancement. (Greuning Brajovic, 2009). Business Processes Aprocessis a designed set of operations that yield outcome. Repetition of processes ca be done severally and are often structured carefully and optimized to influence efficiency and productivity. Some of the processes that the standard chartered bank undertakes include; Administration- This is the process of onboarding fresh employees with guidelines like provision of an employee identity card. Banking- After a stock exchange a bank's settlement operation delivers securities. Operations- this are activities that involves acceptance of an order, service deliverance and billing the client. Procurement- this involves the guidelines needed to ensure security of parts and materials like, accounts payable ,receiving, purchasing and invoice reconciliation. Sales Operations Planning- this process involves the procedure needed toscheme inventory levelson the basis of factors like client demand and production dimensions. Information Technology-A different process of management accredits business group to comply with requests of change for systems. Every change is prioritized, reviewed, evaluated, implemented, and developed, Information Security- this analyzes the state of exposure in systems for instance, access control lists such as unused permissions. Customer Service-this process investigates client discontent and decides if clients deserves a compensation. The process also influences improvement to the company as setbacks may be recorded as challenges and mended. Infrastructure- this process carries out engineering evaluation of all bridges in a land annually recognizes risks . Asset Management- A data center carries out product inventory process annually that justifies all devices in the store. Performance Management- The process facilitates performance goal setup at the beginning of the year and performance evaluation at the end of the year Marketing- this process involves utilizing everything needed to establish and open new product to market. Sales-it includes guidelines needed to purchase to a customer, such as billing, orders, proposals, quotes and delivery. Policies The following are some of the policies that guides standard chartered bank; Position descriptions of the employee this includes; definition of the role and responsibility of an employee, amount of power possessed for making decision, overall objectives and particular duties and creation of methods for accessing performance and building workers through training. Personnel Policies this includes; clear outlined business hours, retirement, condition of employment, sick leave, salary, insurance and health advantages, and paid versus unpaid holiday days. Organizational Structurethis includes; creation of charts outlining each persons identity, that is, name and title showing everyones fitness in the organization structure. Disciplinary action this include; approaches on issues of safety, honesty, misconduct, and performance and measures and disciplines taken upon violation of organization policy and rules. Retaliation retaliation policy should be avoided to safeguard employees and the organization. Safety this includes; Usage of best industry practices, and federal, local and state laws as steps for creation of rules entailing best behavior mechanism at work, usage of safe equipment, and ways of reporting safety hazards. Technology this include; establishment of legal and illegal usage of social media, internet and email for personal reasons at work. Policies for clients working with the organization include; Privacy this involves; protection of employees, the organization and clients through establishment of a policy that promotes trust and transparency with the clients. Credit this include; decision on the terms of account opening and development of good credit with the organization, settlement on the allowed amount of time for payment, establishment on effects of late or overdue payments. Confidentiality this entails; protection of sensitive information, and of relationships using clients, suppliers and vendors. Regulatory Requirements The above governance structure and policies of standard chartered bank meet the following regulatory requirements; duty clarity, prevention of undue influence and trust maintenance, decision establishment and governance of body design for independent regulators, transparency and accountability, engagement, funding and evaluation on performance Mitigating Risk Risk identification- risks may appear from several channels like servicing, sales, mortgage, product structure, debt collection, and client service. The bank identifies risks and documents them, then evaluation methodologies are defined to assess these risks in a guarded manner. It aligns these uncertainties with crucial decision-making guideline that assist in ensuring that all organization decisions are established for the well-being of customers while meeting the needed regulations. There is a flexible structure to describe the companys appetite with developed key metrics like key risk, key performance, and key control indicators for conduct risks. To ensure transparency, the bank factors the conduct risks into the organization strategy, and key metrics as well as risk appetites are aligned with the decision-making processes and equivalent risks and controls. Some of the key metrics include; tracking transparency, client satisfaction score, post-sales servicing, and issue resolution. (Salem, 2013). Control and mitigation management: once conduct risks are evaluated, the bank defines and assess suitable control requirements in at the right time to enhance their effectiveness. The organization describes aggressively as well as measuring controls Remediation and issue management: issues should be unlimited to control inadequacy and should be stated from any sector like product structure, client complaint, sale of a financial goods, among others. The bank records and route the issues through an orderly investigation and remediation method along with automatic alerts for following issues and action designs all through their lifecycle. Complaints Management: the bank possesses an open and modernized approach to investigate, record and remediate clients and internal discontent about an employees and companys conduct. Complaints are recorded either through risk evaluation surveys, emails or via mobile calls, or online portals, and handled equivalently as an issue. Survey Management: the bank uses questionnaires and surveys to evaluate staff behavior with clients and recognize any fundamental issues and abide with the regulations. Possible Improvements The following are some of the possible improvements that the organization should focus on; Business realignment-The basic argument of business realignment is to move out business areas that costly and that have small margins and progress into areas that are more economical and profitable. The bank should identify a robust way to necessary planning, evaluating the minimum usage of assets required to compete in a specific area of business and recognize opportunities to make a distinction of themselves from competitors. This means moving into nontraditional businesses, like payment processing and specialty financing as long as their evaluations shows that they can contest efficiently and effectively. (Berghahn, 2013). Channel optimization- the aim of channel optimization is to evaluate the several ways client communicates with a bank to enhance creation of an economical combination that is suitable to each banks particular client base. This process encourages some fairly bold buying and selling of branches as banks adapt to their geographic occupancy. The bank should reconfigure roles and accountabilities within the branches and adopt fresh metrics for evaluating branch value and performance and value. Other approach include improving the functioning hours and technical abilities of call centers to see through client varying expectations. The no one-size-fits-all approach-Some banks aggressively advocate opening of electronic account, deposit capture that are out of the way through smart devices, and accounts that are structured to be basically paperless. Other banks however, usually those with large commercial clients follow a basically different way, aiming on individual service with a relation ship administrator and support group appointed to each certified account. The evaluation of such organizations has acknowledged that the high-worth business developed by this way can more than offset the added expenses. (Andersen, 2007). Process costs- the chance to enhance process costs often is under acknowledged in financial firms. The objective is to minimize the unit expense-to-value ratio of each operations or transaction, for instance the expense of opening an account, generating a loan document bundle, or managing a particular type of transaction. development in this line include constant performance management and often arise as a result of analyzing, benchmarking, eventually rethinking and mapping back-office processes. Staff productivity- besides reducing process expense, automation tools can assist in improving employee productivity, allowing banks to address more activities and greater capacity of transactions with the same number of individuals. Work rate improvement does not rely on technology alone. Some of the most important opportunities include using developed performance management method, like well described expectations and scorecards, enhanced rewards and motivation systems, and good supervision and training. (Lane, 2010). Other useful accessory involves visible metrics and output charts together with some line-of-intuitiveness incentives like bonuses that are given according individual performance and training, not just organization work rate. Many organizations also discover achievement in redefining work duties, testing with more bendable job structures, and outsourcing more specific functions. Technology and automation- the utilization of technology and automation also benefits individual concentration as part of the general effectiveness improvement effort. The overarching objective is bi-fold: first is to utilize technology to minimize the time spent in discovering data and secondly is to utilize automated business guidelines to progress work around the organization faster and effectively. (Tricker, 2015). Vendor relationships-upgraded vendor management does not necessarily mean putting pressure vendors to minimize their prices. Rather, it is structured to define the greatest possible worth from a vendor relationship. Significant tools involve utilizing service-level alliance and vendor scorecards to manager accomplishment issues, like availability of system, response times, and direct consumption. Such gadgets assist in provision of a more complete design of the vendor relationship. Other fundamental expense-cutting method involves measuring expenses and consolidating vendors against similar services in the market. Conclusion Information systems can bear impacts of infusion and diffusion in a company. Data systems will be employed only in silos for information processing if infusion and diffusion are low.in cases where infusion is low and diffusion is high there will be an information system that is decentralized. In addition, if diffusion is low and infusion is high, there will be an information system that is crucial to activities only. Nevertheless, if both infusion and diffusion are high, the organizations information system will contribute to a calculated and competitive benefits. References Grant, K., Hackney, R., Edgar, D. (2009).Strategic information systems management. Andover: Cengage Learning. Jawadekar, W. S. (2010).Management information systems: Text and cases : a digital-firm perspective. New Delhi: Tata Mcgraw-Hill. Bharati, P., Lee, I., Chaudhury, A. (2010).Global perspectives on small and medium enterprises and strategic information systems: International approaches. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference. United Arab Emirates., United Arab Emirates. (2014).IT infrastructure. Laan, S. (2013).It infrastructure architecture - infrastructure building blocks and concepts. Place of publication not identified: Lulu Com. Harvard Business Review Press. (2010).Improving business processes: Expert solutions to everyday challenges. Boston, Mass: Harvard Business Review Press. Deutch, D., Milo, T. (2012).Business processes: A database perspective. San Rafael, Calif.: Morgan Claypool. Draheim, D. (2010).Business process technology: A unified view on business processes, workflows and enterprise applications. Heidelberg: Springer. Weske, M. (2007).Business process management: Concepts, languages, architectures. Berlin: Springer. Brotby, W. K., IT Governance Institute. (2008).Information security governance: Guidance for information security managers. Rolling Meadows, Ill: IT Governance Institute. Greuning, H. ., Brajovic, B. S. (2009).Analyzing banking risk: A framework for assessing corporate governance and risk management. Washington, D.C: World Bank. Salem, R. A. (2013).Risk management for Islamic banks. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Wahyudi, I., Rosmanita, F., Prasetyo, M. B., Surya, P. N. I. (2014).Risk management for Islamic banks: Recent developments from Asia and the Middle East. Berghahn, T. (2013).Managing diversity program of the deutsche bank. Place of publication not identified: Grin Verlag. Bologna, P., Prasad, A., International Monetary Fund. (2009).Oman: Banking sector resilience. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. Italian Association for Information Systems., D'Atri, A., Sacca?, D. (2010).Information systems: People, organizations, institutions, and technologies. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag. Andersen, B. (2007).Business process improvement toolbox. Milwaukee, Wis: ASQ Quality Press. Lane, M. J. (2010).Representing corporate officers, directors, managers, and trustees. Frederick, MD: Aspen Publishers, Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Tricker, R. I. (2015). Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Baxt, R., Australian Institute of Company Directors. (2009).Duties and responsibilities of directors and officers. Sydney: Australian Institute of Company Directors

Jennifer Walshe free essay sample

A Background Jennifer Walsh, a Dublin born girl in 1974, has made quite the name for herself as an artist. She dabbles in many many types of art form. She is a singer, a composer, a vocalist, an experimenter and much more. She studied composition with John Maxwell Geodes at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama, Kevin Violas in Dublin and graduated from Northwestern University, Chicago, with a doctoral degree in composition in June 2002. Her chief teachers at Northwestern were Mammon Holman and Michael Poplar.Jennifer has won many prizes Including, the Characterless Mackerels, Praetors Music Prize and a grant from the Foundation for Contemporary Arts, New York. She has also completed many residencies in places such as: In Context 3, Foundation, DAD Berliner K;nongovernmental. Snifters work has been performed and broadcast all over the world by ensembles such as Alter Ego, ensemble rcreche, the National Symphony Orchestra of Ireland, Orchestra Significant del Theatre La Fence, Schoolmistresses Kaleidoscope, Ensemble Resonant, Apartment House, ensemble Nitgrades, Nine Vocalists Stuttgart. We will write a custom essay sample on Jennifer Walshe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Free Essays on A Comparison Between Adolf Hitler And Benito Mussolini

A comparison between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini There is no doubt that Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini shared many similar characteristics. They shared movements that were typical of National Socialism: they adopted a radical nationalism, militaristic hierarchies, violence, the cult of charismatic leadership, contempt for individual liberties and civil rights, an anti-democratic and anti-socialist orientation, and a refusal to socialize industries. Hitler and Mussolini looked upon the new form of government, which was Totalitarianism. This form of government means there is only one leader to make decisions and thus they killed or jailed all opponents. Mussolini and Hitler used this form of government after World War One to make their countries into world powers. Perhaps the most obvious similarity would be the path they took to power. In parliament Hitler and Mussolini gathered small groups of followers they would use to bully voters, Hitler’s SS and SA and Mussolini’s Brown Shirts. The point of these behind these parties was that they both expressed what voters wanted to hear. They spoke of greater job opportunities and rejuvenation of their countries. Hitler and Mussolini used violent propaganda to increase social struggle everywhere in their countries. The polarization of the society produced by this violent behavior benefited the fascist parties. Both leaders used their political strength to impose conditions on their people. Both Hitler and Mussolini were finally given the opportunity to form a government and carried out their election promises. Their ruling of power came about to be so similar because of their similar roads to power. Here we see some differences in the way Hitler and Mussolini actually came to power. Mussolini encountered many forms of resistance and had to co-exist with other competitors for power, such as the Italian monarchy and rivals even inside his own party. Hitler proved... Free Essays on A Comparison Between Adolf Hitler And Benito Mussolini Free Essays on A Comparison Between Adolf Hitler And Benito Mussolini There is no doubt that Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini shared many similar characteristics. They shared movements that were typical of National Socialism: they adopted a radical nationalism, militaristic hierarchies, violence, the cult of charismatic leadership, contempt for individual liberties and civil rights, an anti-democratic and anti-socialist orientation, and a refusal to socialize industries. Hitler and Mussolini looked upon the new form of government, which was Totalitarianism. This form of government means there is only one leader to make decisions and thus they killed or jailed all opponents. Mussolini and Hitler used this form of government after World War One to make their countries into world powers. Perhaps the most obvious similarity would be the path they took to power. In parliament Hitler and Mussolini gathered small groups of followers they would use to bully voters, Hitler’s SS and SA and Mussolini’s Brown Shirts. The point of these behind these parties was that they both expressed what voters wanted to hear. They spoke of greater job opportunities and rejuvenation of their countries. Hitler and Mussolini used violent propaganda to increase social struggle everywhere in their countries. The polarization of the society produced by this violent behavior benefited the fascist parties. Both leaders used their political strength to impose conditions on their people. Both Hitler and Mussolini were finally given the opportunity to form a government and carried out their election promises. Their ruling of power came about to be so similar because of their similar roads to power. Here we see some differences in the way Hitler and Mussolini actually came to power. Mussolini encountered many forms of resistance and had to co-exist with other competitors for power, such as the Italian monarchy and rivals even inside his own party. Hitler proved very strong right from the beginning and he brought his plan... Free Essays on A comparison between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini A comparison between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini There is no doubt that Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini shared many similar characteristics. They shared movements that were typical of National Socialism: they adopted a radical nationalism, militaristic hierarchies, violence, the cult of charismatic leadership, contempt for individual liberties and civil rights, an anti-democratic and anti-socialist orientation, and a refusal to socialize industries. Hitler and Mussolini looked upon the new form of government, which was Totalitarianism. This form of government means there is only one leader to make decisions and thus they killed or jailed all opponents. Mussolini and Hitler used this form of government after World War One to make their countries into world powers. Perhaps the most obvious similarity would be the path they took to power. In parliament Hitler and Mussolini gathered small groups of followers they would use to bully voters, Hitler’s SS and SA and Mussolini’s Brown Shirts. The point of these behind these parties was that they both expressed what voters wanted to hear. They spoke of greater job opportunities and rejuvenation of their countries. Hitler and Mussolini used violent propaganda to increase social struggle everywhere in their countries. The polarization of the society produced by this violent behavior benefited the fascist parties. Both leaders used their political strength to impose conditions on their people. Both Hitler and Mussolini were finally given the opportunity to form a government and carried out their election promises. Their ruling of power came about to be so similar because of their similar roads to power. Here we see some differences in the way Hitler and Mussolini actually came to power. Mussolini encountered many forms of resistance and had to co-exist with other competitors for power, such as the Italian monarchy and rivals even inside his own party. Hitler proved...

Super Bakerys management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Super Bakerys management - Essay Example Job costing system is the most preferred by most medium-sized and small corporations, like the professional service such as legal and medical; advertising companies; shipbuilding; construction; manufacturing of furniture or custom equipment. The installation of the ABC system by the company was the best decision made, since with this system they were in a position of allocating overhead to several activity cost pool, consequently assigning activity cost pools to services and products by way of cost drivers (Drucker, 2006). The company decided to adopt this system since it wanted to be in a position of determining the costs of production as it was no longer involved in the direct production of its products. The job order costing would greatly fit into the structure of Super Bakery as its strategies can accommodate it very well. It would help the company in determining the costs that are associated with particular products (Drucker, 2006). This system will also enable the company to establish the production cost per unit without having to include the unrelated costs since it outsources its

Socrates, Are You Happy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Socrates, Are You Happy - Term Paper Example Human perfection is thus a product of perfection of the intellect. The following paper discusses the just occasion of Socrates’ view that a morally good person is happier than the morally bad person. This will be followed by a personal philosophical worry related to his justification. DISCUSSION Socrates’ view of the relation between virtues and happiness is that good morals are necessary for the fulfillment of life happiness. He believed that an honest, fair, wise and self controlled individual will merit praise and respect from other people thus contributing to achievement of happiness. Portraying virtuous behaviors towards people does not guarantee moral reciprocity. In such a case, Socrates’ view makes one wonder whether nasty responses to virtuous deeds are an aspect of happiness. Consequently, morally potent people have a tendency of leading a life filled with fun and joyous experiences. In this perspective, happiness emanates from the belief that their act ions are for the life betterment and satisfaction. Everything that brings satisfaction is an agent of happiness not unless one is missing out on the different forms of happiness. However, he counters this by suggesting that normal happiness makes one think that they are happy whereas real happiness stems deeply inside the soul. He portends, "The Olympian victor makes you think yourself happy; I make you be happy" (West 36-37). Socrates affirms that true happiness extends beyond external wealth and worldly possessions. He asserts, â€Å"Wealth does not bring about excellence, but excellence makes wealth and everything else pleasurable for men† (West 30). This implies that it is impossible for one to buy perfect happiness through material possessions. Socrates views virtue and soul as a means to a healthy and flourishing after life and the evil tendencies associated with an individual have the ability to destroy the soul leading to future unhappiness. He believes in the existen ce of a higher power that rewards and punishes good and bad deeds in the after life. This rhymes with his affirmation that morally upright individuals will lead a happy life both currently and in the after life. Amid his belief in the existence of the after life, Socrates does not believe in any sacred scripture or religious myths (Leibowitz). The lack of credible proves of the existence such an after life after death compromises the logic that individuals abiding to the moral virtues will experience a happy after life. Does this means that one has to endure painful experiences that may be associated with maintenance of virtuous principles to deny he or herself satisfaction in the current life for an after life? According to Socrates, wisdom is the centrally significant aspect of happiness. He maintained, â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living† (West, 38). Evil, people lack an aspect of reflection in the way they lead their life thus wasting the capacity of critical th inking that enables one choose between vices and virtues. They only indulge in those activities that please their body without an analysis of the far reaching effects of their actions. Virtues cannot be developed without wisdom implying that virtuous individuals stand a better chance of cultivating long lasting happiness than evil people. Moreover, wisdom is required for an individual to know whether what they are pursuing in their life will

AMERICAS EMPLOYMENT AND LABOR LAWS Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AMERICAS EMPLOYMENT AND LABOR LAWS - Coursework Example The laws that touch unemployment benefits should be strengthened. Currently, the law is too restrictive and has many requirements (United States Department of Labor). The presence of these many requirements makes it possible for many employers to prevent employees from claiming unemployment benefits. It would be beneficial the law to cover ways to prevent employers from manipulating workers. The penalty for preventing an employee to get unemployment benefits should be huge to discourage the behavior. The law will be stronger if it directs all employers to inform workers of their unemployment benefits at the time of employment. The legislature should consider adding new laws to cover people working in small firms and independent contractors. Currently, they do not have any form of protection despite the fact they work hard. According protection for independent contractors within the law would help in protecting them against unpaid services. Additional laws are required to prevent online frauds that cost job seekers so much money. It is paramount for the government to control things like multilevel marketing to prevent

External Environment Analysis For The Newspaper Industry Media Essay

External Environment Analysis For The Newspaper Industry Media Essay The Newspaper industry is going through a decline and is suffering through what could be its worst financial crisis as the advertising revenues are plummeting due to the economic downturn. Following the downturn in print media industry several newspapers either forgo their daily print for web or have cut the delivery of print version to 3 days a week, Major publication houses filled bankruptcy. The situation is alarming and same across Britain, US and Europe. The Decline of once great newspaper is not without cost, it means the end of certain kind of civic sensibility that was build on broad agreement about what is important and what is not. Is it the end of the Newspaper Industry? The industry is in the midst of reconstruction buffeted by deep recession. That is battering crucial advertising revenue, structured challenges as consumer turns to free news and information on web. Before year 2000 newspaper industry was a cash cow and people working as journalist never worried about looking for another job. But then internet posed threats to the business model and forced industry to cut down on cost, profit margins and reduce work force. According to American Society of news editors employment in newsroom has fallen by 15% in last two years. Advertising has been shifting from print media to new media resulting decline in profits. Paid Circulation has declined while advertising revenue which makes bulk of the newspapers income has also declined. The traditional use of newspaper being delivered at home is changing. Introduction of internet 2.1 Effect of internet Technology has not broadened the audience for news but has enabled well informed people to become better informed. Newspapers even have more readers then ever but problem is that fewer of them are paying. Consumer feels like a fool paying because they get fair selection of useful information free online. With the increasing online readership advertising brought a rising tide of revenue for aggregators, search engines there by affecting the revenue of newspapers. 2.2 Industry Reaction Business model which newspaper industry was following is not viable with intervention of technology. It was based on 3 revenue sources newsstand sales, subscription and advertising and now it relies only on advertising. Henry Luce co-founder of time found this notion of relying on ad revenue is Morally abhorrent and Economically self defeating. Internet has broken newspapers monopoly of production and distribution. This change has made situation which resulted a business that is smaller, less profitable, competitive but also efficient and innovative. Every newspaper is trying to come up with business models and Strategies to handle issues like declining revenues and expansion of media choice to consumer. Industry Condition The news industry has to fight back with reinvention and innovation. They need to identify factor that may be critical determinants of threats and opportunity that industry is facing or may face in future. 3.1 Industry Cost Cutting: Key to Survival? Bill gates said who can afford to do professional work for nothing. After Newspaper industry identified that their business model is disintegrating and is unbundling advertisement and content then they tried to make for it by putting their content onto free websites. Some publications drastically cut their print editions and focus on their ad supported websites. Newspaper Industry is now on the verge of being hanged and further rounds of cost cutting would not stave off the hangman. If they want to survive then they have to come up with cost effective revenue model. Some newspapers like financial times, Wall Street Journal came up with business model to charge certain content or certain user but they were unable to dictate there terms to the buyer as their micro payment model was unable to please buyers. Given that there were many options available to buyers and most of them free, the power of the buyers was high. One of the reasons for seller not having power was that they were not focusing on their core product which was content. Newspapers were unable to sell as they didnt had power and due to that aggregators were making money by knelling readers past ads. News folks say that aggregators are Parasites that profit from their work. Newspaper managed to survive by careful combination of free and paid for content than by new technology. 3.2 Declining Advertising Revenues, Recession, and Internet Warren Buffet said that It is hard to make money buying business that is in permanent decline. But people can make money if they capitalize on opportunity and identify threats to act accordingly. The news Market is likely to remain unstable, favouring different provider at different point in political, economical and Technological cycle. Example: An American website aggregate news and option polls, it became essential reading during last year presidential race. Its popularity plunged 75% and rivals lost readers. In Britain journalist have more competition from government rather than local crowd. British authorities have created newsletter that carry advertisings and also annual budget for state owned website is far more then countrys national newspaper. Newspapers have to think about innovations as sociologically there has been a transition in audience. The share of youth having no news at all raised from 25% to 34%, they now prefer their iPhone, PDAs and aggregators for news. Publishers and editors are thinking of reinvention and innovation that will work, one example is NRC-Next a daily magazine which aimed directly at lost generation of rich young readers. They made it look and feel cooler so that reader feel that this is better. According to Pedersen VG Netts MD they try to identify sexiest story of the day no matter how important it is in newspaper terms.VG Nett came up with innovative idea of co-operative journalism. They had dedicated phone line-2200 where anyone can transfer photos automatically from cell phone to their Server. News industry has economical factors that affect its growth. One major factor is advertising only revenue model. Other factors such as aggregator making money and online advertising revenue fall in 2008 due to recession, failure of current micro payment system. Internet littered with failed micropayment companies like digicash, cyber cash and also some successful micropayment systems such as PayPal, iTunes. If newspapers can come up with easy methods of micro payments then they can earn value for most of the content. The future lies in technology and media integration. To compete with potential entrants and substitutes like aggregators, search engines, bloggers newspapers need to adapt digital technologies and come up with business model to provide public interest journalism and still get revenue. Spread of digital technology has enabled ordinary people to file pictures and report news directly. Now first photo of any big event comes first on net from an ordinary person not a journalist. 3.3 Searching for New Business Models The Players within the Strategic group need to adapt technology and internet based business model but at the same time they have to compete within the group and face the industry rivalry. They need to understand consumer behaviour to identify the target audience and also differentiate their product from the rest. Business strategies are varying in industry as guardians strategy is to become international voice of liberal opinion so it is investing in stories of international interest like Iraq. While Daily wants to build a reputation of celebrity newspaper. Strategies can be based on consumer or product. Financial time attempted to fuse subscription model by making certain type of user pay on the other hand Wall Street Journal charges certain type of content for their e-papers. Some have Strategy of presenting days sexiest news no matter how important it is in journalism terms. But still newspaper industry need to figure out micro payment model which is easy and works well for consum er. 3.4 Industry Structure Even in diminished state newspapers attracts rich businessmen who believe that there is money to be made after all. Boundaries between Products and customer segments are blurred in strategic group so can be a potential threat for players in the group. The value of core product i.e. content is not that important now because newspapers are focusing on advertising. The intensity of competition is so high that if any newspaper doesnt adapt technology correctly and doesnt come up with business model that is cost effective is out of the game. The bargaining power in the value chain is so low that newspapers have to work on low profit margins to thrive in price war. Professor Charlie Backett argues that it matters little whether which newspaper get more online readers, it is irrelevant economically. According to calculation made by digital deliverances crosbie it takes 16 online readers to make up for one lost print reader. Industry Proposal and recommendations To safeguard from chill winds of market newspapers need to combine digital media experience with traditional media to create a co-creation experience for consumer. Newspapers should come up with business models that provide interactive services and is based on efficient micropayment model. Also they should promote public interest co-operative model of journalism i.e. use professional journalism, citizen journalism and community feedback to its best. If we think about world with no professional journalism then the situation will be very alarming, how internet aggregator and bloggers will get their content. We may have to save newspapers from bleeding red ink for saving quality journalism to service community. Making newspapers non profitable and tax free may help in keeping it alive. May be a structure that can help newspapers to share revenues with aggregator will help. What we are seeing is shift in the structure of media institution which understands importance of much more partici patory media. In current scenario newspaper represent both a problem and necessity to society and now it depends upon media houses that how they take advantage of migration of traditional platform like newspaper to digital medium and also to preserve print media. Future of Newspaper Industry In future newspaper will definitely move towards digital technology and will challenge print version. May be future will lie in digital notebooks, kindles, digital readers with integrated advertising and micropayment model in it.Revenues from newspapers digital products will help combat the erosion of traditional newspaper revenues.

Geroge Patton :: Essays Papers

Geroge Patton I am going to talk about the Patton’s life in general. This includes his child hood, education, his military career, and his involvement in the world wars. George was born on a ranch on November 11, 1885 in San Gabriel, California. He went to school in Pasadena and later to the Virginia Military Institute from 1903-1904. He was not a good student, but he was an excellent sailor. He was also a great track athlete. He took part in the Olympics at Stockholm in 1912 and set a world record in target shooting. He also won first or second place in swimming, horsemanship, and racing. On May 26, 1910 George married Beatrice Ayer of Boston. They had 1 son and 2 daughters. The son went to West Point in 1942 and both daughters married army men. In 1904 he was appointed to the United States Military Academy. He graduated in 1909 and was commissioned to second lieutenant of Calvary. He was first involved in an expedition in Mexico as an aide to General Pershing in 1917. He was a member of Pershing’s staff and went to France and studied French Tank Tactics and the French Tank School. During World War 1, he started a tank training school and commanded a tank brigade. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his courge, energy, and intelligence in directing the advance of his brigade in 1918. From 1919-1928, he commanded and trained several different brigade units around the United States. From 1928-1931, he served in Washington D.C. as the Chief of Calvery. He commanded many different calvalry units from 1932-1938. During this time he earned the permanent rank of Lieutenant Colonel. During World War 2, he commanded U.S. forces in Morocco, Tunisia, and Sicily. In 1944 he was given command of the third army. The third army broke through the German defense and advanced across France. In March 1945, they crossed the Rhine river Geroge Patton :: Essays Papers Geroge Patton I am going to talk about the Patton’s life in general. This includes his child hood, education, his military career, and his involvement in the world wars. George was born on a ranch on November 11, 1885 in San Gabriel, California. He went to school in Pasadena and later to the Virginia Military Institute from 1903-1904. He was not a good student, but he was an excellent sailor. He was also a great track athlete. He took part in the Olympics at Stockholm in 1912 and set a world record in target shooting. He also won first or second place in swimming, horsemanship, and racing. On May 26, 1910 George married Beatrice Ayer of Boston. They had 1 son and 2 daughters. The son went to West Point in 1942 and both daughters married army men. In 1904 he was appointed to the United States Military Academy. He graduated in 1909 and was commissioned to second lieutenant of Calvary. He was first involved in an expedition in Mexico as an aide to General Pershing in 1917. He was a member of Pershing’s staff and went to France and studied French Tank Tactics and the French Tank School. During World War 1, he started a tank training school and commanded a tank brigade. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his courge, energy, and intelligence in directing the advance of his brigade in 1918. From 1919-1928, he commanded and trained several different brigade units around the United States. From 1928-1931, he served in Washington D.C. as the Chief of Calvery. He commanded many different calvalry units from 1932-1938. During this time he earned the permanent rank of Lieutenant Colonel. During World War 2, he commanded U.S. forces in Morocco, Tunisia, and Sicily. In 1944 he was given command of the third army. The third army broke through the German defense and advanced across France. In March 1945, they crossed the Rhine river